Nanotechnology-Based Insulin Delivery Systems: A Review of Progress and Challenges

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin production or action, leading to hyperglycemia. Conventional insulin delivery methods, such as subcutaneous injections, are limited by poor patient compliance and inability to mimic physiological insulin secretion.

Objective: This paper reviews the recent advancements in nanotechnology-based insulin delivery systems, examining their mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and potential for clinical application.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, aquasomes, and electro-responsive systems. Studies exploring AI integration in insulin delivery were also analyzed.

Results: Nanocarrier-based delivery systems enhance insulin stability, allow controlled release, improve bioavailability, and provide opportunities for personalized diabetes management. Despite progress, challenges such as formulation stability, scalability, regulatory barriers, and patient acceptance remain.

Conclusion: Nanotechnology offers promising strategies to revolutionize insulin delivery. Future research should focus on smart, glucose-responsive systems, biocompatible materials, and streamlined regulatory pathways to facilitate clinical translation.